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Table of Contents
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………2
2. The Internet…………………………………………………………2
3. The Internet Protocol………………………………………………3
4. IPv4………………………………………………………………….4
5. IPv6………………………………………………………………….5
6. Conclusion……………………………………………………….…7
7. List of References………………………………………...….…....8
8. List of Bibliography………………………………………...………9
Introduction
Since 1964, the network-structure was required from the national defense with American Ministry of National Defense (Advanced Research Projects Agency, ARPA). 1974, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP) replaced Network Control Protocol (NCP) gradually. 1983, TCP/IP became the standard communication protocol on Internet.
The current version of IP (known as Version 4 or IPv4) has not been substantially changed since RFC 791 was published in 1981. IPv4 has proven to be strong, stable, easily implemented and interoperable. It has stood the test of scaling an internetwork to a global utility the size of today’s Internet.
According to the estimation by the network expert of Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) Geoff Huston, however, IPv4 address will finish allotting in 2010 or 2011, in order to solve the problem that will have no address to use then, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed a suite of protocols and standards known as IP version 6 (IPv6). (APNIC, 2008) This new version, previously called IP-The Next Generation (IPng), incorporates the concepts of many proposed methods for updating the IPv4 protocol. “The design of IPv6 is intentionally targeted for minimal impact on upper and lower layer protocols by avoiding the random addition of new features.” (Microsoft Windows Server 2008 White Paper, 2008)
The Internet
As the original, the network was designed for the national defense and the education using. The functions were focus on the researching and transition of speed. So IPv4 has not considered the security question at the beginning of designing, the materials have not used the safe mechanism to convey in the network, therefore Internet in early days often happens in enterprises or organization networks and is attacked, such online security incidents as the secret data are stolen. The looks was relatively 20 years ago, now's internet network was extremely general, accompanied by the exchange of a large number of bodies of safe demand information at the same time, problem that the technology that security becomes any kind of network must all be faced, though IPv4 can pass the internet online security protocol (IP Security, IPSec) Offer safe protection, but it is all extra burden to erect and managerial, in view of this, have already considered the online security function, the point-to-point safe protection ability of the inlaying type while hoping to offer at the time of IPv6 protocol design, by way of offering a piece of safer materials of internet network in the future to exchange.
Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. Whenever one person send or receive data (for example, an e-mail note or a Web page), the message gets divided into little chunks called packets. Each of these packets contains both the sender's Internet address and the receiver's address. Any packet is sent first to a gateway computer that understands a small part of the Internet. The gateway reads the destination address and forwards the packet to an adjacent gateway that in turn reads the destination address and so forth across the Internet until one gateway recognizes the packet as belonging to a computer within its immediate neighborhood or domain. That gateway then forwards the packet directly to the computer whose address is specified.
Because a message is divided into a number of packets, each packet can, if necessary, be sent by a different route across the Internet. Packets can arrive in a different order than the order they were sent in. The Internet Protocol just delivers them. It's up to another protocol, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to put them back in the right order.
IP is a connectionless protocol, which means that there is no continuing connection between the end points that are communicating. Each packet that travels through the Internet is treated as an independent unit of data without any relation to any other unit of data. (The reason the packets do get put in the right order is because of TCP, the connection-oriented protocol that keeps track of the packet sequence in a message.) In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model, IP is in layer 3, the Networking Layer. The most widely used version of IP today is IPv4.
However, IPv6 is also beginning to be supported. IPv6 provides for much longer addresses and therefore for the possibility of many more Internet users. IPv6 includes the capabilities of IPv4 and any server that can support IPv6 packets can also support IPv4 packets.
IPv4
IPv4 is the fourth version of Internet protocol, but the first one to be widely deployed. It uses a 32 bit addressing and allows for 4,294,967,296 unique addresses. IPv4 has four different class types, the class types are A, B, C, and D. An example of IPv4 is 207. 142. 131. 235. The IPv4 uses a subnet mask because of the large numbers of computers used today.
However, the initial design did not anticipate some elements. There are some examples and limitation will be following:
l IPv4 addresses have become relatively scarce, forcing some organizations to use a Network Address Translator (NAT) to map multiple private addresses to a single public IP address.
l IPv4 address prefixes have been and are currently allocated; there are routinely over 85,000 routes in the routing tables of Internet backbone routers. The current IPv4 Internet routing infrastructure is a combination of both flat and hierarchical routing.
l Most current IPv4 implementations must be either manually configured or use a stateful address configuration protocol such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). With more computers and devices using IP, there is a need for a simpler and more automatic configuration of addresses and other configuration settings that do not rely on the administration of a DHCP infrastructure.
l While standards for Quality Of Service (QoS) exist for IPv4, real-time traffic support relies on the IPv4 Type of Service (TOS) field and the identification of the payload, typically using a UDP or TCP port. Unfortunately, the IPv4 TOS field has limited functionality and over time there were various local interpretations. In addition, payload identification using a TCP and UDP port is not possible when the IPv4 packet payload is encrypted.
IPv6
IPv6 possesses the following characteristic:
l Space of larger address
IPv6 uses 128 the units to make the location internet network node, it is up to the 128th power of 2 to fix the space of location (32 bits extend into 128 bits).
l Combine the mechanisms of the authentication and security
Authentication Header which IPv6 department utilizes in Next Header and Encrypted Security Payload Header carry on authentication to the materials that are transmitted and encrypt so can be in order to reach the efficiency of the online security through the extra apparatus or software that the user will not need in the future.
l Better route efficiency and optimization
IPv6 uses stratum type way of the space of address to divide into Top Level Aggregator Identifier, Next Level Aggregator Identifier, Site Level Aggregator Identifier three layers, every administration in charge of authorizing IP network section for its lower floor, the management style information can via remit, simplify very much exactly so as to route that exchange. In addition, IPv6 also supports the function of any cast, by selecting one to be best (shortest distance or the minimum speed from the route form of the router) Host computer, thus it shorten complex reaction time and not disperse and save wide flow frequently load.
l Assurance of service quality
In the gauge outfit of IPv6, have kept the field of Flow Label, can be with Multiple Protocol Label Switch (MPLS) Technology cooperate, flow different one the materialness because it is corresponding that different Flow Label will be arrived, can as service basis where quality control. IPv6 also joins two parameters in the header, including Traffic Class and Flow Label flows with the materials will facilitate the design of the quality controlling mechanism of the service.
l Set up Automatically and Motivation function
IPv6 established the mechanism of supporting the motivate IP in the design, supports the internet network of the action in the future with the profit. And support another important characteristic in the action IP mechanism to look for Neighbor Discovery with the neighbor of network promptly with Auto-configuration, the mechanism comes to simplify the user IP address' establishment. The host computer on IPv6 network can obtain IP and does not need through setting up manually automatically. And utilize Destination Header and Routing Header of Extension Header, will make the route mechanism in the action communication optimized, have solved the triangle route question.
l It is more efficient that the package gauge outfit is dealt with:
IPv6 simplifies originally the gauge outfit of IPv4 is designed, though IP address extends four times to become 128 from 32 original, it last twice and lengths fixed, because IPv6 ' expansion some alternative ' but gauge outfit length with ' IP cut ' function delete last shelf head lengths fixed. In addition also delete checking yard (Checksum) at the same time And at byte, fixed length and design aligning let the gauge outfit simplify much more so each field alien as much as possible, there will be a valid rate while dealing with the package gauge outfit even more.
Figure 1 shows the IPv4 Packets details of shaded fields are absent from IPv6
l Expandability
It deletes to be originally IPv4 alternative some expansion, IPv6 design until ' gauge outfit (Next Header) the next ' way about increase gauge outfit expandability. The user can pass ' the next gauge outfit (Next Header) ' way to point out next content of gauge outfit have by network ends favorable or receive there aren't end, it is a implementation example of IPv6 expandability design, such a design lets IPv6 shelf very beginning have higher expansion.
Figure 2 shows the IPv6 Packets details.
Conclusion
Originally to the IPv4 genesises to be extreme point communication ability and two-way communication ability in extreme point internet, communications can last terminal machine of two sets since from communication without lasting computering to pass intermediary, two-way ability means either party of two communicators can all open the line of the communication.
Demand because of two these, can with willful to roam internet in internet early user, but, because of the shortage of IPv4 address at present, so the network address is changed (NAT) Use popularize very much, make too there aren't these two pieces and this.
When the line among the terminal computers needs to pass the computer of the intermediary, this way hinders the service that can work between the terminal computers, the intermediary computer that hinders from must be improved to support the new service.
Because there is not ability of two-way communication, only have one-way ability that communicates left, for example, the user end can deposit and withdraw the end of the server but the end of the server is unable to deposit and withdraw user's end, it will be unable to make any requirements to user's end to represent the end of the server like this.
IPv6 has offered a large number of IPv4 address, enable internet to come back, its original demand, have extreme point communication ability and two-way communication ability in extreme point, make internet development of application program light the new spark. The service that cannot imagine on IP address scarce internet at present will all become possible. IPv6 to increase IP figure of address, prove internet can an example of the change especially not merely.
List of References:
1. APNIC (2008) Transition to IPv6 Retrieved19 January 2009 from http://www.apnic.net/community/research/ipv6/
2. Microsoft Windows Server 2008 White Paper (2008) Introduction to IP Version 6 Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726944.aspx
3. Search Unified Communications.com (2008) Internet Protocol Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid186_gci214031,00.html
4. Piers O'Hanlon, University College London (2004) IPv6 and AccessGrid Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/fl/flevents/ag/agr04/talks/ohanlon-ucl.pdf
List of Bibliography
1. anonymous, (2009) IPv6: IPv6 / IPv4 Comparative Statistics Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://bgp.potaroo.net/v6/v6rpt.html
2. APNIC (2008) Internet Evolution and IPv6 Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://www.apnic.net/meetings/20/docs/other/plenary-pres-huston-internet-evolution-ipv6.pdf
3. Cisco Systems Inc, (2008) The Internet Protocol Journal Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/about_cisco_the_internet_protocol_journal.html
4. Cram Session website, (2008) An Introduction to IPV6 Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://www.cramsession.com/articles/get-article.asp?aid=23
5. Feyrer. H (2001) Introduction to IPv6 Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2001/05/24/ipv6_tutorial.html
6. Professor Don Colton,
7. Sparq Corp,
8. TWNIC, (2002) IPv6 Introduction Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://www.ipv6.org.tw/seminar/IPv6%20Tutorial/IPv6%20Introduction%20(TP).pdf
9. Vest. T , (2005) IP Address Allocation vs. Internet Production I: Understanding the Relationship, and the Differences Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://www.circleid.com/posts/ip_address_allocation_vs_internet_production_i_understanding_the_relationsh/
10. Xisto Corporation, (2005) Ipv4 Vs. Ipv6 - IPV6 the future. Retrieved 19 January 2009 from http://www.trap17.com/index.php/ipv4-vs-ipv6_t24034.html
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